Medical Doctor
Dr. Bisny T. Joseph is a Georgian Board-certified physician. She has completed her professional graduate degree as a medical doctor fromTbilisi State Medical University, Georgia. She has around 5 years of experience in various sectors of medical affairs as a physician, medical reviewer, medical writer, health coach, and Q&A expert.
数字医学教育和pati她感兴趣ent education made her pursue a career in medical writing. She believes that providing high-quality, evidence-based medical information for people could help them be more aware and responsible for their health and actively participate in decision-making in their healthcare. At MomJunction, Dr. Bisny writes health and wellness articles for mothers and children and she has been featured onBioSpectrum,Golden Eye Optometry, Little Stars Child Care Centre’s NewsletterSeptemberandOctober, andThe Indian Express. She likes to spend her spare time traveling and painting.
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Unplanned pregnancies can cause difficulties both for the parents and the baby. Thus, in this post, we discuss some effective pregnancy prevention methods to help you avoid an unintended pregnancy. Every time you have made love without protection, you carry a possibility of getting pregnant. Therefore, if you do not intend to start a family […]
Walking during pregnancy is one of the safest and most effective ways to stay healthy. The activity is known to reduce the risks for pregnancy complications from inactivity or alarming weight gain. According to doctor recommendations, women should do at least 150 minutes of light aerobic workouts, such as brisk walking, per week for a […]
As vision is how humans perceive most of the information, it is one of the most crucial human senses. So, we have included some eye care tips for kids you can follow to maintain their eye health. Regular eye exams and routine checkups for children are essential, and they are the most effective approach to […]
Diarrhea – how bad is it? Why does my kid have diarrhea? Signs and symptoms of diarrhea Does diarrhea cause dehydration? How is diarrhea diagnosed? What is the treatment for diarrhea? How to control diarrhea in kids? Home care and remedies to stop diarrhea Diarrhea is a leading cause of death in young children and […]
Did you know that around 25% of children who visit a pediatric gastroenterologist are constipated (1)? Constipation in children is so common that it is prevalent among 3% worldwide (2). The problem causes extreme discomfort, and when neglected can lead to other health complications. MomJunction tells you about the various types of constipation, the reasons […]
天花的风险不再是一个孩子jor concern since it is now considered a disease of the past. However, it was a highly contagious and serious infection in its time. The last known outbreak was in 1949, with its last natural spread occurring in 1977. The disease was eradicated in 1980 […]
Stretch marks appear when the skin is stretched excessively as a result of growth or weight gain. Stretchmarks in teenagers are common, especially as they approach puberty. They are not painful, but we recommend seeing a dermatologist because your teen may be concerned about the appearance. Stretchmarks in teenagers have several origins, symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, […]
Water breakage during pregnancy is crucial in the third trimester since it signals labor. The amniotic fluid surrounds the baby in the amniotic sac. This sac breaks at the beginning of labor. If you notice the flow of fluid, contact a healthcare professional. Some pregnant women may misinterpret urination (due to the womb’s pressure on […]
The word, torticollis, is derived from the words tortus, meaning twisted, and collis, meaning collar. It refers to a pediatric condition in which the neck is slightly twisted or bent to a side, while the chin has a tilt on the opposite side (1). Torticollis in children may be congenital or acquired later in life. […]
Gray baby syndrome (GBS) is a rare disorder that is caused due to the presence of high levels of chloramphenicol in babies born prematurely. Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections such as , cholera, and typhoid fever. The common symptoms of this disease include graying of the baby’s […]
If you have a newborn or toddler, you may always be concerned about their health. If you notice red rashes on your baby’s chest, it might be an indication of Scarlet fever or bacterial illness. Scarlet fever in babies and toddlers can occur after having flu-like symptoms, such as a sore throat and fever. While […]
Preseptal cellulitis or periorbital cellulitis in children is characterized by inflammation and infection of the soft tissues around the eyes. It can be due to bacteria and may occur in one or both eyes. The risk for severe complications is rare if it is treated appropriately. Improper treatment or a delay in treatment may complicate […]
Chest pain in teens is uncommon, and it can be due to cardiac or non-cardiac diseases (1). Fortunately, chest pain in teens usually occurs due to non-cardiac conditions. In most cases, it can be due to conditions such as asthma or chest wall pain from muscle or bone injuries or inflammation. However, chest pain is a […]
Coughing is one of the body’s defense mechanisms of getting rid of phlegm, mucus, sputum, postnasal drip, or a foreign body. A variety of factors can cause cough in babies, and while coughing is a necessary function, it is unhealthy for a newborn to cough excessively. If your infant coughs a lot, you should see […]
You may find that your baby bites while nursing. If you are wondering how and why your baby won’t stop biting while nursing, this post is for you. Breast biting by the infant while nursing is unpleasant, and many mothers may misunderstand it as a sign that their baby is ready to wean. However, you […]
Breast milk alone can fulfill an infant’s nutritional needs; therefore, exclusive breastfeeding is advised until a baby turns six months old (1). In most cases, babies are fed from both breasts. However, you may notice that your baby sometimes may prefer breastfeeding from one breast. For most women, one-sided breastfeeding is a typical condition. An […]
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and has no specific cure. Receiving Tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination during pregnancy is crucial for women. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), most reported cases of tetanus in newborns and mothers were associated with insufficient maternal immunizations (1). Read to understand more about the safety […]
Dengue fever in babies and toddlers is a viral infection caused by four types of dengue virus. The illness is usually found in tropical and subtropical countries. It can be severe in babies and toddlers if they are born to mothers having dengue (1). You should be observant of the dengue symptoms in children because […]
Cellulite in teens is not a medical concern and requires no medical treatments. Although it is harmless, a lumpy or dimpled or orange-peel appearance of the skin can be an aesthetic concern for many people. You may notice this skin changes commonly on the abdomen, hips, buttocks, and thighs. Nearly 80 to 90 percent of […]
Pregnancy after 30 is a personal choice, and many women have healthy and successful pregnancies. Although there are some risks and complications that can arise in pregnancies in the late 30s, good prenatal care could help you overcome them. Most women delay pregnancy while focusing on a career or other personal reasons. Fertility declines when […]
Sleep hyperhidrosis or night sweats in children can be due to various reasons. It is more common on warm days or when they wear heavy clothes, and thus there is no need to worry. However, if your child is sweating more than usual without any climatic or other reasons, you may seek a pediatrician consultation. […]
Peurperal or post-delivery infections are common but often ignored condition. They can vary from minor infections to severe ones and can have long term effect on future health outcomes. Hence women should be aware of this condition and consult their gynecologist if they notice any fever, discharge, redness, etc. Postpartum infections may occur after vaginal […]
Insomnia complaints in children are usually associated with lack of restorative sleep (deep sleep and REM sleep). A child is said to have insomnia if they (1): Have difficulty falling asleep at night Have trouble staying asleep at night Wakes up very early, at around three in the morning and have difficulty going back to […]
Jaundice in pregnancy can be due to liver disorders or certain conditions directly or indirectly related to pregnancy. Liver disorders are rare, but when they do occur, they can affect both mother and her unborn baby. Nearly 3% of all pregnancies can be complicated with liver conditions (1). Jaundice is the yellowing of the skin […]
Blepharitis in babies is a rare eye disease caused by the clogging of oil-producing glands on the eyelids. This may lead to eyelid inflammation, resulting in crust formation on the eyelashes (crusty eyelids) and swelling of the eyelids. As a result, babies may feel itch and discomfort and often scratch their eyes. Not all cases […]
A broken tailbone in children is a common injury after falling on their back on hard surfaces. This may cause pain in the tailbone while sitting. However, the pain may also be due to bruising since the tailbone rarely breaks in children (1). Pain may also increase during bowel movements. Although most tailbone injuries are […]
Duodenal and stomach ulcers in children are rare, and the signs and symptoms can be nonspecific. These are also called peptic ulcers that can occur in the mucosa, the inner lining of the stomach and intestines. Ulcer diets and OTC medications may not heal the ulcers since they can be caused by infection of H. […]
Sickle cell diseases in babies can be present from birth, and it is caused when a child inherits sickle cell genes from both parents. This inherited blood disorder makes the red blood cells (RBC or erythrocytes) crescent, sickle-shaped, or C-shaped. In addition, sickle cells can be stickier and harder than normal oval-shaped RBCs, and they […]
Gastrointestinal illnesses are a common cause of dehydration in teens. This is a condition when the amount of water lost from our body is more than water intake (1). Mild dehydration may not be a problem. But, severe dehydration can affect normal physiological function in our body. Diarrhea, vomiting, and excess sweating can cause water […]
The pincer grasp is the ability to hold or grasp something with the thumb and index fingertip. The American Academy of Pediatrics cited this ability as a developmental milestone with many other milestones. It can be exciting to see your little one achieving new milestones, and you may often look for common milestones such as […]
Mind–body techniques could help kids manage stress and help them regulate their emotions. Certain relaxation techniques are also used in the treatment of common health problems such as pain, headache, and bedwetting (enuresis), and to overcome habits such as nail-biting and thumb-sucking (1). Most of these approaches require the participation of parents. You may use […]
Blocked tear ducts and allergies are a common cause of epiphora or watery eyes in children. Tears fill the eyes and drain onto the face when the ducts are blocked. Although it looks like weeping, there won’t be an emotional trigger for these tears. Watery eyes can be self-resolving in many children without any interventions […]
Primary lung cancers in children are a rare diagnosis, and the tumor characteristics may vary from adults. Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both lungs can be secondary cancers that spread after common childhood cancers. Genetic changes in tumor suppressor genes or certain syndromes can increase the risk for lung cancer in children […]
Hypotension or low blood pressure in children can be due to various reasons. This is when the systolic or top reading pressure goes below 90mmHg, and the diastolic pressure or the bottom reading is below 60mmHg (1). According to most pediatric care guidelines, these blood pressure measures are less than the 5th percentile for children […]
Meditations for teens help them improve their concentration and focus and reduce stress levels. In addition, breathing techniques and mindfulness promote physical and psychological well-being in teens. Regular meditations can also improve cardiovascular and neurological health. However, more research is needed to determine the specific benefits of meditation for teenagers (1). Relaxation techniques and meditations […]
Bed bug bites on kids can be more prominent than on adults due to their sensitive skin. These tiny reddish-brown insects can bite on humans to feed blood, and their bite marks may look reddish, flat, or bumped skin lesions in clusters or a zigzag line. Although bed bugs may not cause severe illness in […]
Continuous exposure to loud noises during pregnancy can pose health hazards to mothers and growing babies. This may cause maternal stress and hearing problems. Babies can hear even normal levels of sounds from the early second trimester. Fetuses who have exposure to high noise levels, such as noise from rock concerts or jackhammers, have an […]
An ultrasound may show placental lakes during pregnancy; these are enlarged blood-filled spaces in the placenta. Placental lakes can be visible on the ultrasound image as one or several black areas. The placenta nourishes the unborn baby, and it is essential to have a healthy placenta for optimal fetal growth and development. Having one or […]
Appendicitis in teens can be presented with abdominal pain that may often begin in the belly button and move toward the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The appendix is a small, finger-like projection on the intestine at the beginning of the large intestine (colon), and its inflammation is called appendicitis. The research conducted by […]
“Why do babies get clingy?” is a common question many parents have when their little ones start demanding to be around parents or caregivers all the time. Clinginess is a normal sign of mental development at an early age. It can also signify separation anxiety, where a baby may cry or behave crankily to be […]
Occasional gastroesophageal reflux or GERD in children is normal, and it usually resolves after eliminating certain dietary factors. This is also called acid reflux, and it causes involuntary backflow of stomach acid into the food pipe (esophagus). However, frequent GERD requires medical evaluation to identify the cause. If left unmanaged, it may cause complications such […]
Stress in babies can be observed from the earliest months of life. Although we attribute stress to older children and adults, babies are more vulnerable to stress. Regular events such as bathing can also cause certain levels of stress response in babies. They can also be stressed from physical conditions such as illnesses. Babies also […]
Parental awareness of epilepsy and seizures in teenagers plays a crucial role in handling emergencies and sticking to long-term treatment plans. Abnormal electrical activity in the brain can trigger seizures. Physical or behavioral changes range from blinking eyes to vigorous muscular spasms and consciousness loss. Seizure symptoms and their severity may vary depending on the […]
If you are experiencing dehydration when breastfeeding, it can change the composition and quantity of breast milk. Low water intake and fluid loss can deplete the fluid levels in the body. In such cases, nursing moms are more likely to develop dehydration due to increased fluid demand. Mild dehydration may not affect the milk supply, […]
Occasional heartburn in teenagers is not a cause of concern. This is not a cardiac symptom, and it is the regurgitation of stomach acid to the esophagus, causing burning pain in the chest and throat. It is also known as pyrosis or acid regurgitation. Usually, teens may experience heartburn after eating some foods or drinks, […]
The exact causes of vitiligo in children are not known. This chronic condition causes loss of skin pigment (melanin), resulting in white patches in the skin. Hair and oral cavity may also have discoloration. These long-lasting patches can cause psychosocial issues in some children, especially teenagers. Adequate awareness and support from parents are essential to […]
Lightheadedness and black spots in the vision can be symptoms of low pressure in teens. Periodic drop in blood pressure or low blood pressure in otherwise healthy teens is not a cause of concern. Some may get hypotension while changing body positions, such as standing or sitting from a lying position. However, it is recommended […]
Infectious mononucleosis (mono), also known as glandular fever or kissing disease, is a viral illness that causes flu-like symptoms, tiredness, and enlargement of the lymph glands. Mono occurs globally in any season. Although it is common among adolescents and young adults, newborns may contract viruses through the oral secretions of parents, siblings, or anyone who […]
Fever in children and teens may occur due to various reasons. This is also called febrile response or pyrexia, in which the body temperature increases more than the average temperature between 97°F (36.1°C) and 99°F (37.2°C) (1). Fever indicates that something is going on in the body. A slight rise in body temperature is not […]
蚊虫叮咬的儿童更有可能的职业r than in adults since children tend to be more active outdoors. Several kinds of mosquitoes exist, but only three, Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes, are responsible for human bites and are clinically significant (1). Female mosquitoes are the only ones that bite since they need blood as […]
Chicken Pox or varicella in children is a common infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is a highly contagious infection that can easily spread from an infected person to others through air droplets or close contact. Children and teens may develop mild symptoms more than adults. Vaccination can effectively help prevent chickenpox in […]
Deep breathing, also known as belly breathing, abdominal breathing, or diaphragmatic breathing, may help promote respiratory health and reduce stress in children. It may also help strengthen the muscles involved in the respiration process (1). Seek medical advice to choose an appropriate breathing exercise if your child has any chronic illness. In this MomJunction post, […]
Most metabolic disorders in children can be due to inherited gene abnormalities (mutations or defects). However, a few can be acquired triggered by environmental and lifestyle factors such as childhood obesity. These conditions can alter normal physiological processes in the body due to defects in enzymes stimulating the process or the inability to use certain […]
Regular use of activated charcoal during pregnancy to ease morning sickness and other pregnancy symptoms may interfere with nutrient absorption. Activated charcoal has more pores or internal spaces than normal charcoal to trap chemicals and toxins. It is made by heating normal charcoal in a specific gas to create pores. Activated charcoal is not recommended […]
Petechiae in babies can occur due to self-limiting conditions (such as birth trauma) and bleeding disorders that require prompt medical care. They are tiny, flat, red spots up to two millimeters in diameter. You may notice petechiae on the skin and mucous membrane of the baby (1). Petechiae is not a disease, so you may […]
Ovarian cancer in teens is rare when compared to older women. Some may develop belly pain, urinary issues, and feeling full earlier while eating. However, most teens may not develop any symptoms, and it can be an accidental diagnosis. In addition, younger women and teens tend to have certain ovarian growths, such as germ cell […]
在婴儿和学步儿童伤寒可以关联w万博体育手机官方网站登录ith non-specific and variable symptoms. The infection is also called enteric fever, or typhoid fever, caused by bacteria through contaminated water and food sources. Although it is rare in babies, it can be life-threatening if untreated (1). According to a study by the World Health Organization, about 1,10,000 […]
The prevalence of throat cancer in children is rare, and it is more common in people over 50 years. Abnormal growths in the throat parts, including the tonsil, epiglottis, larynx (voice box), and pharynx (throat) are throat cancers (1). Voice changes, swallowing problems, and pain can be initial symptoms. However, these symptoms are also present […]
Pinworm infection in pregnancy may occur if a woman comes in contact with the pinworm eggs from infected people or contaminated objects or surfaces. This infection is also called oxyuriasis or enterobiasis, and it is one of the common worm infections in humans. Although pregnancy is not a risk factor for pinworm infestation, it can […]
Body odor in babies is distinctive, and they may often smell of baby products or milk. However, babies who are not bathed on time or wear unclean clothes can have a sour or pungent odor. Most mothers could sense their babies smelling and try to keep them clean. Some babies can even leave a cake […]
Toddler staph infection is more common than in adults and is caused by staphylococcus bacteria. These bacteria can affect various body parts, including skin and vital organs such as the lungs. However, most toddlers get staph skin infections, and adequate treatment could help prevent further complications. You may seek medical care for treating these skin […]
闭经在青少年由于各种原因ranging from lifestyle factors, hormonal issues, and . This is missed periods for more than three months or a complete absence of menstruation. The first menstruation (menarche) usually occurs around 12-13 years of age, and nearly 98% of girls experience puberty and menarche by the age […]
Worms in children are more common than in other age groups. These worms are also known as soil-transmitted helminth (STH) since they are transmitted through soil. Roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms are different species of parasitic worms (1). When left untreated, STH infections can cause complications such as malnutrition and in children. If your child has […]
Biotin, also called vitamin H or B7, is a water-soluble vitamin belonging to the B group of vitamins. Many parents may consider supplementing biotin for children since it plays a crucial role in the body’s metabolic balance of fats, carbs, and amino acids. However, most children can acquire the required biotin from dietary sources. Therefore, […]
Excessive salivation in kids can be due to various reasons ranging from simple oral hygiene issues to complex neurological disorders. Unintentional leakage of saliva or excessive salivation is seen if there is overproduction of saliva or inability to swallow these secretions. Increased salivation is also called sialorrhea, hypersalivation, or ptyalism. Anterior and posterior drooling is […]
Although some lung cancer cases are noticed in young people, primary lung cancer in teens is rare. Smoking is the major risk factor for lung cancer, and the risk may vary depending on the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes. Some teens may develop or secondary lung cancers followed by other childhood cancers. […]
Colon cancer in teens is rare. It is a malignant neoplasm originating in the colon, a part of the large intestine. It is also called colorectal cancer if colon cancer is present with rectal cancer. Although it is common in adults, this can affect any age. A one in 1000,000 incidence rate includes 2.1% of […]
Acrochordons or skin tags are soft and small skin bumps often seen on skin folds such as armpits, groin, buttocks, or eyelids (1). Self-treatment for skin tags on children is not recommended due to the risk of skin infections. Skin tags are harmless, painless, non-cancerous (benign growths), but some children may not be comfortable with […]
Tapeworm in children may not cause signs and symptoms for a long time after entering the body. This is also known as taeniasis and is found in humans all around the globe. However, children living in Latin America, Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Eastern Europe have a higher incidence (1). Abdominal pain and weight loss are […]
在幼儿过度出汗可以不一样的万博体育手机官方网站登录us reasons ranging from normal activities or climate to serious medical conditions. Hyperhidrosis is uncommon in babies and toddlers, and most of them may have underlying problems. Sweaty palms could interfere with some skill development, such as holding something in hand. Skin irritations and heat rashes from […]
Excessive sweating in children, which is not related to physical activity or climatic conditions, can be concerning. It is also called hyperhidrosis. Sweating is a physiological reaction for regulating body temperature when higher than normal. Although sweating can be present anywhere in the body, it’s common in the palms, hands, axillae, and soles of the […]
Uterine prolapse during pregnancy is rare, with an estimated incidence of one in every 10,000 to 15,000 deliveries. Usually, ligaments and pelvic floor muscles hold the uterus and place it in its position. The weakening of muscles and ligaments due to damages or stretching can cause prolapse, dropping the uterus into the vagina (1) (2). The […]
Acanthosis nigricans (AN) in kids often indicate increased blood insulin levels. This condition causes dry and dark patches or streaks of skin on the neck, underarms, and groins. It is often seen in individuals with diabetes and obesity (1). Although it may cause mild itching, AN is usually harmless and not contagious. According to the […]
Dyslexia in teenagers is often challenging to recognize since its signs are usually mistaken as laziness or mischievousness of adolescence. The teen may have trouble doing simple learning skills such as reading or identifying sounds, easily done otherwise. Dyslexia is considered an impairment of visual processing, spatial understanding, and poor phonological processing skills; however some […]
Hot flashes in teens may occur due to various reasons. They may complain about sudden, intense warmth (heat) and sweating. This can be temporary and often felt on the upper body, such as the face, neck, and chest. Some may also experience skin reddening (1) (2). The duration and how often it occurs may vary […]
Dyspraxia in teenagers can adversely affect their lives due to trouble doing certain activities and clumsiness. It is a developmental coordination disorder (DCD) that causes motor coordination difficulties. Poor coordination can result from issues in the brain processing stimuli to muscles, and it may affect teens’ learning, academic performance, and social skills. In addition, some […]
Autoimmune diseases in children may be linked to genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. An autoimmune condition might develop when our immune system misinterprets and attacks healthy cells or tissues in the body as antigen or foreign bodies. Around 80 autoimmune diseases are present; however, not all can affect children (1). There may not be specific […]
In most cases, knee pain in children can be due to growing pain, and there is no need for medical attention since it may resolve quickly without complications. However, it is always necessary to identify the exact causes of knee pain in children. Dr. Mark Halstead, MD, Sports Medicine Specialist at St. Louis Children’s Hospital, […]
Breastfeeding during chickenpox is not always contraindicated; you may continue to breastfeed, covering the vesicles (blisters) on the breast and other areas to minimize the spread of the virus. However, it is recommended not to breastfeed if you have vesicles on the where the baby’s mouth can touch. Nursing moms who contract chickenpox five days […]
Celiac disease in teens can cause abdominal pain, constipation, and vomiting. In addition, delayed growth in adolescence and short stature requires diagnosis tests in teens. Celiac disease is also called celiac sprue or gluten-sensitive enteropathy. It causes an immune reaction to the gluten protein found in rye, wheat, and barley and damages the intestinal lining. […]
Brown discharge during pregnancy may occur due to various reasons, some of which are harmless, while a few others indicate some complications. Light to dark brownish discharge during pregnancy may occur in the later stages when old blood in the uterus flows through the and mixes with vaginal discharge (1). Though most cases are due to […]
Dengue fever in children is pretty common. It is a vector-borne disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV) that spreads through infected mosquitoes and is commonly seen in tropical and subtropical areas. Females of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of dengue among humans. There are four types of dengue virus, so a […]
Flu in teens can be a self-limiting infection. Usually, severe illness is seen in teens with weakened immune systems and chronic illnesses (1). It is also called influenza or grippe and is a common viral illness that can be seen throughout the year. Flu symptoms in teens are similar to adults, including fever, throat irritation, […]
Feeling fullness in the ear and earache are the common symptoms of ear infection in teens. It is called acute otitis media or otitis media when the middle ear, air-filled space behind the eardrum is infected. The middle ear contains bones that aid in hearing. Younger children are more vulnerable to middle ear infections than […]
怀孕期间阴道分泌物可以由于vmanbet安卓版arious reasons ranging from normal hormonal changes to underlying conditions. Leukorrhea or thin, milky, white vaginal discharge is one of the initial pregnancy symptoms. Sometimes you may notice color changes in vaginal secretions such as yellow or yellowish-green discharge. It is recommended to consult a doctor if […]
Irregular periods in teens are normal in the initial years of menstruation, and they become regular over time (1). However, it is recommended to visit a gynecologist to ensure that these menstrual irregularities are not due to underlying conditions such as anatomical anomalies or hormonal imbalances. Causes of irregular menstruation in girls can range from […]
When a woman under 19 years of age gets pregnant, it is an adolescent or teenage pregnancy. Nearly 21 million girls between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant, and approximately 12 million of them give birth each year in developing countries. In this, approximately 10 million teenage girls may have an unintended pregnancy, […]
Thyroid problems in teens can adversely affect their physical and mental development. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that secretes thyroid hormones to regulate metabolism and growth. It is also linked to cardiac and other vital organ functions. Thyroid malfunctions can cause hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). Both these conditions […]
Vaccination for babies is the most effective strategy to protect or immunize your child from various infectious diseases. When compared to the expense of illness treatment, vaccination is also cost-effective. Vaccines develop herd immunity and prevent many life-threatening diseases, with lasting complications, such as polio (1). Antigens or parts of antigens that cause disease are contained […]
Brain tumors in teens can be associated with certain hereditary or exposure to radiation. However, the exact cause is not always known. Brain and spinal tumors are common in children and adolescents. Many teens may develop symptoms such as persistent headaches and vomiting, and the diagnosis may reveal these abnormal growths in the brain. It […]
Dark circles in teenagers may not be due to serious health problems, but they can be cosmetically concerning. The condition often occurs due to the veins around the eyes getting larger and more prominent, often due to nasal issues. Other reasons for dark circles in teens include allergies, dehydration, lack of sleep, genetics, and thin […]
Panic attacks in children are common, but it is a treatable condition (1). Physical symptoms such as increased heartbeat and breathing difficulty with sudden episodes of fear can be seen during panic attacks. However, there won’t be any real factors causing this apprehension in most cases, and it may start without any alarming signs. Panic […]
What is the thyroid gland and why is it important? What is hypothyroidism? What are the types of hypothyroidism? Why is hypothyroidism caused? What are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism? How is hypothyroidism diagnosed? How is hypothyroidism treated in children? What are the foods to eat and foods to avoid in hypothyroidism What are the […]
Noticing white or gray hair in children might cause concern in parents. The graying of hair in older adults is a natural process. But premature graying of hair in children is not. Although the reason might be genetic in some children, it might also be associated with a health condition such as or . Thus, […]
Vomiting in children can be due to various reasons, such as stomach flu or indigestion. Occasional vomiting may not be a major cause of concern, and most children can be treated at home. However, it is recommended to seek medical care for frequent episodes of vomiting or if it is accompanied by other symptoms such […]
Hand, foot, and mouth disease in children is a highly transmissible viral infection, particularly in young ones. Fever is the first symptom, followed by rashes on the lips, hands, and feet. You may also be concerned that the rashes will spread from one part of the body to another. Although hand, foot, and mouth disease […]
尿路感染一般指bacterial infection in the urinary tract and associated structures such as the urinary bladder, urethra, or kidneys. Urinary tract infections in teens may result in pain and discomfort if it involves only the lower urinary tract (urinary bladder and urethra). On the other hand, upper urinary tract infections […]
Causes of stomachache in children When to see a doctor? Diagnosis of stomach pain Treatment for stomachache in children Taking care of your child at home Home remedies for stomach pain Foods to avoid during stomachache Preventing stomach pain in children Stomach pain is one of the most common reasons for parents to take their […]
What is UTI? Types of UTI Causes of urinary tract infection Risk factors Symptoms of UTI in children Diagnosis Treatment Home remedies for UTI How to prevent UTI in children? Complications of UTI What are recurrent UTIs in children and how to manage? Is UTI in children contagious? How long do UTIs in children last? […]
Escherichia coli or E. coli infection is more prevalent in children and older adults than in other age groups (1). The E.coli bacteria that cause E. coli infection in children are mostly harmless and are commonly found in the intestinal tract. However, some strains of the bacteria can cause various infections, such as gastrointestinal infection, […]
Intellectual disability in children, previously known as mental retardation, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that occurs due to problems in the brain’s growth and development. The condition causes significantly low intellectual functioning in children and affects their adaptive skills (those required to carry out daily tasks). Children with an intelligence quotient (IQ) below 70 are considered […]
Viral infections in children are common as children have low immunity. Viruses are tiny infectious agents that invade and multiply inside a living organism, and viral infections are caused when the host cells of the body react to viruses. While there are several types of viral infections, such as chickenpox, AIDS, common cold, influenza, and […]
Dyspepsia or indigestion in children can be a symptom of several underlying conditions. Children of any age can experience this problem, and indigestion can be occasional or regular, depending on its cause. If your child has been experiencing regular indigestion, it is important to seek a doctor’s advice to understand the cause. Read on to […]
作为一个青少年睾丸疼痛可能是经验sudden pain in the scrotum or testicular region. The pain may occur for short periods (acute-lasting for around three months) or persist for longer durations (chronic). It may happen in one or both testicles. The testicular pain and discomfort in teenagers may be due to several […]
The presence of blood in a child’s stool can be a worrisome sight for the parents. But you should note that blood passing with stool does not always indicate any serious internal complications or disease. Most health practitioners have reported that it is a common occurrence in children and requires minimal to no treatment (1). […]
Mononucleosis is an infectious disease most commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (1). It is also known as infectious mononucleosis, glandular fever, mono, kissing disease, or just IM. Mono can occur at all ages, but most cases are seen in adolescence and early childhood. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention […]
The feeling of frequent urination in kids is known as pollakiuria. It is a sensory emergency of peeing without the physical need to pass urine. The child might feel to urinate at the earliest but pass only a small amount of urine every time they feel urinary urgency (1). This condition is usually self-limited and […]
Teenage pregnancies have long-term effects on a teen’s physical, social, and mental well-being. Teenage abortions are not uncommon. However, with the recent changes in laws, abortions are no longer considered a constitutional right in the US, and each state has its own policy to regulate them. Read this post to know more about the causes […]
白血病的癌症是人体的造血tissues, including the bone marrow, blood, and lymphatic system, and the spleen. There is an abnormal increase in the immature white blood cells. It is the most common cancer among children and teens, accounting for one out of three cancer cases. There are various types of leukemia […]
Male circumcision is a surgical procedure involving removing the foreskin that covers the penis’ tip. Circumcision can be performed at any age, but it is most prevalent in infants since it is less hazardous than circumcision in teenagers. Circumcision may be more or less acceptable in teenage boys, and informed consent is required for this […]
Abdominal pain in teens may occur at some point and is often not a serious problem. The abdominal cavity contains many organs such as the kidney, pancreas, spleen, liver, gallbladder, intestines, appendix, and stomach. Problems with any of these organs can cause abdominal pain leading to gastrointestinal distress. Severe or recurrent pain with other symptoms […]
Hyperdontia in children is a rare condition in which extra teeth grow in the mouth. Usually, children have 20 deciduous teeth (primary teeth) by 30 months, while adults have 32 permanent teeth by the age of 17. As children grow, the primary teeth or primary dentition are gradually replaced by permanent dentition, comprising 32 teeth. […]
Erectile dysfunction in teens is common, and it may often occur due to stress, anxiety, or other factors such as smoking (1). Sexual health is an important aspect of adolescence. But many teenage sexual issues, including dysfunction (ED), are often overlooked by teenage boys. Hence, it is recommended to seek medical care and treat the […]
Canker sores in kids can be painful sores as they interfere with drinking and eating. These tiny, noncontagious lesions on the oral mucosal layer are also called aphthous ulcers or mouth ulcers. Most canker sores resolve on their own within one or two weeks (1). These may occur at any age but are more often […]
”男孩有时间吗?”是一个常见的问题any teens in puberty when they know about menstruation. Boys will not get periods as they do not have ovaries and a uterus to ovulate. Periods are a part of women’s physiology and occur during the reproductive age. It is the shedding of the uterine lining […]
Heart rate indicates the number of times the heart beats in a minute. The heart rate in children may vary depending on their age. Usually, younger children may have a higher heart rate than older children. Our heart beats in rhythm, and the irregularities of rhythm are called arrhythmia. The abnormal heart rate can be […]
Like adults, cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children can also help save a life. Nobody anticipates these health emergencies, but it can help to be hands-on with certain first-aid techniques such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation or CPR. If a child stops breathing for any reason, CPR can help avoid fatality. In addition, getting prompt CPR from a CPR-trained […]
Typhoid fever can be prevented with vaccines. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the typhoid vaccine for kids who live in high-risk areas. You may ask the pediatrician to know the requirement of the typhoid vaccine for your child since it may not be included in the child’s routine immunization schedule. The type of vaccine […]
The body experiences several changes during pregnancy. Women can experience changes in hemoglobin levels during pregnancy, with an increase in the hemoglobin circulating in the body. The overall hemoglobin concentration drops, though. Hemoglobin, found in the red blood cells (RBCs), transports oxygen from the lungs to other body parts (1) (2). The oxygen requirement of the […]
dilation is the opening of the cervix, the neck of the uterus, during childbirth. Body changes during the labor process to allow the baby to pass through the birth canal. Although it is exciting to hold the baby, many women may be nervous and worry about the labor pain and delivery near the due date. […]
Vaginal odor during pregnancy can be normal in most women. Changes in hormones and urine composition can be the reason for it. Although many women share pregnancy fears and experiences with friends and family for de-stressing, it can be overwhelming for many to talk about some issues such as vaginal smell. An unpleasant or foul […]
Women can increase progesterone to get pregnant since this hormone enhances fertility and helps to sustain the pregnancy. Hormonal imbalances such as lower hormone levels can be a reason for infertility in many women. Progesterone is a pregnancy hormone, and increasing its level can increase your chances of getting pregnant and having a successful pregnancy. […]
You may notice a baby shaking their head while interacting with others or playing. Shaking their head from side to side is a common way older infants react to questions or communicate. Though head shaking is common in little ones, it could also indicate neurological or developmental problems. Read this post to learn more about […]
Parents may consider painless vaccinations for babies to avoid the anxiety associated with vaccinating infants and reduce the discomfort for the little ones. Research indicates that 24-40% of parents in the US and Canada show concern about the pain associated with vaccinations in children. 85% of parents believe that healthcare providers should take the responsibility […]
A threatened miscarriage or abortion is defined as vaginal bleeding during the first three months or by 20 weeks of pregnancy. After a threatened abortion, some women may have a healthy pregnancy, while others may have a miscarriage or pregnancy loss. If you have a threatened pregnancy loss, you may need the help of a […]
The loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy is referred to as miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion or early pregnancy loss. Miscarriage rates might vary greatly amongst women due to various factors. This post discusses miscarriage statistics depending on age, weeks of pregnancy, chances of miscarriage during assisted reproduction, and statistics […]
If you see your baby choking on breastmilk, it could be because their swallowing skills aren’t fully developed. Choking when breastfeeding can result in coughing. Further, milk can sometimes make its way into the lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia (1). If your baby has rapid breathing, turns blue, or becomes unconscious from choking on breast milk, […]
It may be troubling seeing your baby clenching their fists practically all of the time, even though you want them to hold on to toys or your fingers. Usually, babies under six months hold their fists clenched most of the time. However, if a baby aged more than six months does so, it might be […]
You may commonly notice a wet or dry cough in kids. Coughing is a defensive response that clears the airways of irritants, germs, and foreign particles. While wet cough is associated with mucus production, a dry cough does not produce phlegm (mucus). Coughing multiple times a day can be a symptom of viral infections, such […]
Even before they start eating solid foods, you may notice your baby gagging. While gagging, food or an object is pushed back from the throat into the mouth. It is a highly sensitive reaction frequently elicited in young infants to prevent choking. However, it gets less sensitive with age (1). Although it is a protective […]
Methicillin-resistant MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a genetic form of bacteria that causes significant skin infections in children due to antibiotic resistance. MRSA infection in children is typically hard to treat and can have life-threatening consequences. Therefore, seek medical care if you suspect your child has an MRSA skin infection. Read on to know more […]
Most parents are concerned when they notice white patches on a kid’s face. These white patches or spots are also known as . The discoloration may cause them to be more concerned about any underlying illness than about their child’s appearance. Hypopigmented spots on a child’s face can be caused by many different disorders, ranging […]
When parents or caregivers hurry to a coughing baby to see what’s wrong, they may notice the baby giggling with a mischievous expression. It leaves many puzzled parents asking this question – why does a baby fake cough? Babies may fake cough for many reasons; for example, when you see your child pretending to cough, […]
You may often notice that your baby cries while breastfeeding. Babies may cry when breastfed for various reasons, ranging from simple distractions to a significant feeding problem. While occasional weeping or whimpering during nursing is normal, persistent crying and reluctance to breastfeed may necessitate medical treatment or a consultation with a lactation consultant-IBCLC (International Board […]
on the lower ri A widespread abdominal pain may indicate mesenteric lymphadenitis in children. It is the inflammation of the mesenteric lymph nodes, which are clusters of three or more lymph nodes in the right lower mesentery. The peritoneum fold (abdominal cavity membrane) that connects the intestines to the back of the abdominal wall is […]
Hydrocortisone is a topical corticosteroid medication available in the form of lotions, ointments, and creams (1). Hydrocortisone cream for babies is an over-the-counter drug and is usually prescribed to relieve skin-related symptoms such as redness, itchiness, and swelling. However, you should use this cream only when advised by your baby’s pediatrician, as undirected use of […]
Many parents complain that their baby wakes up crying in the middle of the night. This could be due to several reasons, including feeling hot, wet, cold, hungry, frightened, or irritable. Since babies have small tummies and food is digested rapidly, they feel hungry quite often. In addition, babies can’t sleep eight to nine hours […]
Eye rolling is a common phenomenon that many people do involuntarily. However, when you see a baby rolling eyes, you may feel concerned about a possible health problem. Nevertheless, most babies and infants may roll their eyes on a normal basis without any underlying causes of concern. However, you may seek medical care if your […]
One of the body’s major organ systems is the heart and circulatory system. To make learning about it more interesting for children, you could introduce them to some interesting facts about the heart and circulatory system for kids. The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels. The blood vessels distribute blood, which delivers oxygen […]
Folliculitis in children is when a child’s hair follicles get inflamed due to an infection. The infected follicles usually have an acne-like appearance and may cause slight pain and redness. Folliculitis is most commonly caused by bacteria and may resolve spontaneously within seven to ten days. However, the infection could sustain for longer in some […]
Muscle twitches in children are sudden, uncontrollable muscle movements or jerks in their bodies. Muscle twitching, also known as myoclonus, could be repetitive and triggered by certain factors and postures. Though muscle twitching is not a disease, it could indicate various underlying conditions in the brain and nervous system. Twitches may occur in a single […]
任何肿胀或发炎,周围的地区ing the eye may lead to swollen eyelids in children. In addition, various factors such as infections, allergies, and injuries could cause swelling in the eyes or eyelids of your child. Some conditions lead to swelling in one eye, while others may cause swelling in both eyes. It […]
Passage of gas from the digestive tract is referred to as flatulence. Though it is normal in adults, flatulence (farting) in teens can leave them embarrassed and even amused. However, studies say that farting is a usual phenomenon. In fact, the average number of times an individual passes wind is five to 15 times in […]
Pneumonia is an infection that causes lung inflammation and fluid filled alveoli (air sacs). A variety of organisms could cause pneumonia in teens. In addition, the inflamed air sacs may cause breathing difficulties (due to insufficient oxygen levels) in your teen. This condition commonly occurs in children below four. However, teenagers who are predisposed to […]
There may be several causes for vomiting in babies, ranging from indigestion and excessive crying to gastrointestinal tract anomalies. Although occasional vomiting in babies is not a cause for concern, persistent, severe vomiting requires immediate medical attention. This is important to detect and treat the underlying cause and avoid dehydration in babies. Read on to […]
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a lung disease caused due to deficiency of surfactants in the lungs’ alveoli. The lung disease is also called hyaline membrane disease or infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). The condition is usually common in premature babies who do not have fully developed lungs. It is less commonly seen in […]
婴儿病毒性皮疹可能包括景点、囊泡, bumps, pimples, or blisters. The type of rash may vary depending on the underlying viral infection. The rashes may disappear in a few days or last up to several weeks. Antibiotics meant for treating bacterial infections cannot treat viral infections. Therefore, they are ineffective in reducing viral […]
The endocrine system comprises glands in the body that secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical-signaling molecules that help the body’s complicated processes, such as metabolism and growth, to work together. They also affect how a person’s immune system works and behaves. As a result, the endocrine system regulates hormones to govern various body activities. Read on […]
Athlete’s foot in children is a fungal infection, which usually affects the skin of the feet, especially between the toes. The primary sign of the infection is the reddish-white appearance of the skin. The affected area may also become itchy, moist, and scaly. It is called athlete’s foot since it is most commonly observed among […]
It is not uncommon for babies to be prone to accidents despite the best efforts of the parents to prevent them. One such situation can be when the baby falls off the bed. Infants or toddlers who roll may often be more susceptible to falls from the bed, increasing the risk of injuries, such as […]
Diaper dermatitis, also known as nappy rash, napkin dermatitis, or diaper rash, is a skin inflammation in the diaper area. Diaper rash in babies may happen for various reasons, including skin irritation and bacterial or fungal infections. The condition is treatable at home if the diaper region is kept clean and dry. Some cases of […]
Babies suck their hands to communicate and self-soothe. A baby sucking hand is considered a normal part of their development and may begin at two months. Besides sucking hands, you may notice babies sucking fists or even trying to put their feet in their mouths. Most babies stop sucking their hands by themselves at around […]
一个蠢人的婴儿出生时是一个锥形头房颤ter vaginal birth. During vaginal birth, babies pass through a tight birth canal, where their malleable head bones get squeezed to make their way out. During this time, their head may develop a cone-like shape. For many babies, their heads return to their normal shape within […]
Like in other sleep regression stages, sleep regression in 18-month-old babies is triggered by a developmental phase where the baby’s sleep patterns change to cognitive leaps. A baby who has been sleeping well will suddenly refuse to go to sleep or wake up fussy in the middle of the night. Though the phase is temporary […]
The side-lying breastfeeding position is when you lie on your side and place your baby alongside you on their side. In this position, you face each other with your baby’s head at the level of your breast. Hence, it is also known as the reclining or lying down position. Experts consider this position comfortable and […]
Toddler growth spurts may occur between the ages of one and three years. Toddlers grow a few inches and gain a few pounds each year of toddlerhood (1). Growth spurts are periods when a toddler has sudden and intense growth. As a result, they may appear hungrier and need more food than usual to meet […]
胃酸倒流在青少年中很常见,它发生的时候the stomach contents come back or regurgitate into the esophagus. It is also called acid indigestion or gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and is more prevalent in children and teens between two and 19 years (1). A study conducted by researchers from Columbia University Irving Medical Center, […]
Many parents look for interesting facts about eyes for kids to educate their little ones about eyes and their functioning. The eyes are the second most complex organ after the brain, allowing vision. Human eyes can differentiate about 10 million colors, and vision is one of the five senses. Nearly 80% of information is learned […]
The female reproductive system is responsible for producing gametes called ovum or egg (1). Various organ systems in the human body carry different functions. The reproductive system consists of organs responsible for reproduction, which is a physiological process of producing offspring. Human reproduction is sexual reproduction, meaning male and female gametes are required to produce […]
Breastfeeding a baby beyond infancy is called extended breastfeeding. Although exclusive breastfeeding is recommended until six months, breastfeeding beyond the first year of life may help a child obtain better nutrition and immunity competence. The weaning process is also easier in extended breastfeeding since babies get time to wean as they get more used to […]
Sickle cell diseases are a group of inherited disorders that affect the hemoglobin in the body. Sickle cell anemia in children is the most common and serious form of all sickle cell diseases. It causes crescent or sickle-shaped red blood cells, which are more fragile than normal red blood cells. Sickle cells can be more […]
The curiosity of most children about what the human body is made of is off the charts. To help you quench their thirst for this topic, we bring you some interesting facts about the human body for kids in this post. Their eagerness and excitement to learn more are absolutely adorable and showcase their keen […]
A premature baby’s survival rate and development may vary depending on how early they are born before the due date. Nearly 15 million babies are born prematurely, and in the US, one in every 10 babies are preemies (1) (2). Significant developments occur in the fetus during each week of pregnancy; hence, prematurely born babies […]
通常在新生儿bab找到爱泼斯坦珍珠ies. They are tiny, white bumps that appear in the baby’s mouth and are also called . Epstein pearls have been named after Alois Epstein, a Czech pediatric physician who first described this cyst. Approximately 60–85% of newborns have gingival cysts (1). Although Epstein pearls are […]
Alterations in normal vaginal microbiome or infections may cause vaginitis in children. It causes inflammation of the vagina and may result in pain, itching, and discharge. In addition, some children may have vulvovaginitis, where the vulvar area is inflamed with the vagina. It is a common condition in prepubescent girls. Sometimes, poor skills and knowledge […]
Most newborn, infant, or baby behaviors are adorable and surprising to their parents, and they may love watching them doing it. However, some behaviors, such as baby headbanging, may raise concerns and worries in parents. Many babies and toddlers engage in headbanging as a self-comforting technique to reduce frustration, pain, or boredom (1). Although it […]
Kidney stones in teens and children are uncommon; however, due to changing food choices and lifestyle practices, there has been a rise in kidney stones in these age groups in recent years. The accumulation of certain substances, such as calcium or uric acid, in the kidneys can lead to the formation of crystals or stones. […]
Genital herpes is a viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Although it is more frequent in adults, it is also possible to find cases of genital herpes in children. During an outbreak, the infection can produce painful and itchy sores in the genital area. After the initial infection, the herpes virus remains […]
Mongolian blue spots, also referred to as congenital dermal melanocytosis, slate gray nevus, dermal melanocytosis, or lumbosacral dermal melanocytosis, are a type of birthmarks having a flat, blue or blue-gray appearance. These spots appear at the base of the spine or in the areas of the upper back, buttocks, or shoulders. Some babies may have […]
Balanitis refers to inflammation of the head or glans of the penis. Balanitis in children is mostly self-resolving within two to three days. The condition may occur at any age but is frequently seen in boys below the age of five years as they won’t retract or clean under the foreskin of a penis. Conservative […]
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, a thin membrane surrounding the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Meningitis in children may arise due to infections caused by bacteria and viruses and non-infectious aspects, such as tumors and brain injuries. Meningitis might be a life-threatening condition if left untreated, causing long-term complications. Read on […]
Laid-back breastfeeding, also referred to as biological nurturing, is a reclined breastfeeding position. This feeding method reportedly stimulates babies’ innate feeding reflexes, which could help them latch accurately. Most women feel that laid-back nursing is an ideal posture while breastfeeding, and this position might help babies who might have latching difficulties. Additionally, you may attempt […]
Yeast infection in children is a fungal infection affecting their skin and mucous membranes. These occur due to Candida, a type of yeast. The infection is also known as candidiasis or moniliasis. The treatment for yeast infection is usually with topical applications, such as creams or antifungal ointments. However, severe infections in children might have […]
Teenage is the stage in which a girl encounters menarche. In most populations, the median age for teenage menstruation is 12 to 13 years. However, lately, the age for menarche has shifted to nine years. This trend is mostly seen among girls who are obese, physically inactive, or have a genetic history of early menarche […]
Autism or autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are developmental disorders that include various conditions affecting social interactions and behavioral skills in a child (1) (2). Autism in a 3-year-old could significantly impact the development of these skills. As per the World Health Organization reports, one in 160 children in the world has ASD (3). There is […]
Yeast infection in toddlers occurs on body parts that offer proper growth conditions to the fungus, such as adequate moisture, heat, and darkness. This infection is also called candidiasis and is recognized by the excess growth of yeast on the skin or mouth. The causative strain is candida fungus. This microorganism naturally occurs on the […]
Feeding tubes for infants serve to provide foods and medicines directly into an infant’s stomach until they learn to swallow. It is a tiny plastic tube that goes through the nose or mouth into the stomach. There are a few conditions when feeding tubes are used for infants. If the baby has swallowing problems or […]
A bulging fontanelle in infants is characterized by the outward appearance of their soft spot (fontanelle). Under normal conditions, the fontanelle is curved inwards. But when the pressure inside the brain increases or if there is a fluid buildup, the tension within leads to the protrusion and formation of the dome-shaped fontanelle. The condition could […]
A reflex is an involuntary or automatic action to a response. Primitive reflexes in babies originate from the central nervous system and indicate a healthy baby. Conversely, the absence of these fundamental reflexes may imply neurological conditions and hence is a cause for concern. There are various types of primitive reflexes. Read on to know […]
In a pediatric ward, you may have observed that some infants are advised to wear headgear; this may have made you wonder, “why do babies wear helmets?” This is called helmet therapy, helmet orthosis, helmet molding therapy, or cranial orthosis. It is a treatment for unfused cranial sutures in infants. The helmets gently modify and […]
Strokes in teenagers are an uncommon health condition that has serious consequences. It is one of the top ten causes of death among adolescents (1). So what is this condition? A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. The brain requires a constant supply of oxygen to function; this oxygen is […]
Croup in kids occurs due to a viral infection in the vocal cords and the trachea (windpipe). The infection causes swelling and narrowing of the upper airway, making it difficult for air to pass through. It is characterized by a harsh, barking cough, hoarseness, and high-pitched noise while breathing in (1). Croup infection usually affects […]
Children are naturally energetic and tend to enjoy jumping, running, and playing from the time they learn to walk. Heel pain in kids may result from regular sports activities, such as soccer and basketball. It is generally mild but may require timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent complications. Heel pain usually begins with tenderness in […]
Congenital herpes or birth-acquired herpes infection is a viral infection acquired by babies during delivery or in the womb. Babies born with herpes may show symptoms of the infection at birth or may develop them shortly after birth. Pregnant women with genital herpes may transmit the virus to their babies during vaginal delivery. Herpes infection […]
As a new parent, you may worry if your baby spits up curdled milk. However, milk gets curdled when mixed with stomach acid, which is normal during digestion. Occasionally, babies may spit up curdled or undigested milk as they have an immature digestive system. Excessive spitting up of curdled milk or any stomach contents is […]
Hypertonia in babies is a medical condition where high muscle tone or hypertonicity of muscle leads to muscle stiffness, leading to difficulty in limb movement. Usually, the central nervous system (CNS) regulates muscle tone by sending signals from the brain to the nerves in the muscles. If certain regions of the brain or spinal cord […]
The Coombs’ test or antiglobulin test (AGT) is a blood test that helps detect the presence of antibodies against red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body, which can cause hemolysis. This can lead to hemolytic disease in newborns, also known as erythroblastosis fetalis. A positive coomb’s test in newborns indicates two health problems – anemia […]
When a head injury causes the skull bone to crack, it is called a skull fracture. Skull fractures in babies can be caused by several reasons. However, using instruments during childbirth is the most common. In addition, for some babies, skull fracture may lead to brain damage. The severity of skull fractures can vary from […]
Pediatric limping is most often caused by physical injuries. However, prolonged limping without a physical injury may be a cause for concern. The causes of a child limping could range from a minor injury to an underlying medical condition. If limping in children is associated with pain, it should not be dismissed as growing pain […]
Norovirus spreads through contaminated food, water, and surfaces, leading to severe gastroenteritis, inflammation of the intestinal walls. Though it can affect people of all groups, norovirus in babies can have severe symptoms and may lead to complications. It may also cause diarrhea and vomiting (1). Norovirus is also known as a stomach bug, vomiting bug, […]
An immature digestive system or poor valve closure (pyloric sphincter) in the upper end of the stomach is responsible for your baby throwing up mucus or milk. While it is normal for babies to spit up occasionally, it may be a cause for concern if it happens quite often. However, many factors can cause it […]
Hydronephrosis in babies is a condition where urine gets trapped in the kidney and drains slower than it should into the bladder. It is a common congenital condition and may affect one in 500 babies (1). However, it may also develop later in life for some babies. Further, it is more common in boys than […]
Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), or tonic neck reflex, is one of the primitive reflexes present in an infant. It differs from the symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR) present in later infancy stages. Several actions and responses of a newborn are reflex-based to specific stimuli. A reflex is a muscle’s automatic reaction or response to […]
Petechiae in children can be a symptom of an underlying illness or bacterial infection. It results in pinpointed, non-blanching spots less than two millimeters in size that may be caused by blood leakage from the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) to the skin. Petechiae spots often appear on the skin where the body’s mucous membranes are […]
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in babies or CDH in babies occurs when the diaphragm fails to close during fetal life. The diaphragm is a muscular wall separating the chest and abdominal cavity. If there is an opening, the abdominal organs may herniate or protrude to the chest cavity and affect lung growth. Babies with CDH may […]
Dizziness in children can be due to diminished blood circulation to the brain for brief periods. They may explain feelings of faintness or lightheadedness when they are dizzy. In most cases, dizziness may not be accompanied by any obvious signs and symptoms of any illnesses. However, persistent dizziness can risk a child’s safety and well-being. […]
Restless leg syndrome in kids is a sensory and motor disorder, leading to uncontrollable sensations accompanied by an urge to move the legs. Most children feel this urge to move their legs when they are inactive or resting, such as during bedtime, while sitting for long hours in the classroom, or during car rides (1). […]
Keratosis pilaris on kids may cause dry and rough patches and tiny bumps on the skin. Although not harmful, these skin lesions may cause itching. The condition can often be seen on the face, neck, legs, thigh, and buttocks. Keratosis pilaris is a common skin condition that falls under the realm of dermatology. The affected […]
Urine is a clear or pale yellow, with a mild smell in most babies. However, there can be instances when you notice strong-smelling urine in babies. If your baby is well-hydrated and urine is pale, occasional strong-smelling urine is not a cause for concern. Sometimes, a strong urine odor can be due to inadequate feeding. […]
Pancreatitis in children is caused by an inflammation in the pancreas, a leaf-shaped gland located behind the stomach. The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells producing hormones, such as insulin and glucagon, which participate in glucose metabolism. Pancreatitis can either be acute or chronic. Acute pancreatitis is a sudden and […]
